miércoles, junio 15, 2016

Meet the New Stevia! GMOs 2.0 Get Dressed for Success, by Stacy Malkan

http://new.www.huffingtonpost.com/stacy-malkan/meet-the-new-stevia-synth_b_10442102.html

Could synthetic biology, gene editing and gene drives have benefits for society? Possibly yes. But will they? And what are the risks?
If corporations are allowed to deploy genetic engineering technologies for commercial gain with no government oversight, no independent scientific assessments, and no transparency, benefits to society will be left off the menu and consumers will be in the dark about what we’re eating and feeding our families.
Stacy Malkan is the co-director of U.S. Right to Know, a nonprofit food industry research group. She also does consulting work with Friends of the Earth. Follow her on Twitter @StacyMalkan

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miércoles, mayo 04, 2016

NGOs highlight synthetic biology concerns at CBD side event

http://www.biosafety-info.net/article.php?aid=1235

THIRD WORLD NETWORK BIOSAFETY INFORMATION SERVICE

Kuala Lumpur, 2 May (TWN) – A standing room only side event at a recent United Nations intergovernmental biodiversity meeting highlighted recent developments in synthetic biology and its implications.

On Monday 25 April, a panel of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) spoke at the side event for government delegates to the Convention on Biological Diversity's Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical, and Technological Advice (SBSTTA), meeting in Montreal.  The panel featured representatives from Third World Network, ECOROPA, the Federation of German Scientists, and the ETC Group.  The event was very well attended, with some delegates unfortunately unable to fit in the conference room due to space constraints.  

Introduced by moderator Lili Fuhr of the Heinrich Boell Foundation, Jim Thomas of the ETC Group was the first speaker. Thomas provided an overview of recent developments in synthetic biology, highlighting how some companies are moving toward use of “methanogens” to produce their products, referring to synthetically modified bacteria that feed on methane.  A shift away from sugar as synthetic biology's preferred feedstock for industrial fermentation meant that relationships were building between synthetic biology and fracking companies, Thomas said.  

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sábado, enero 02, 2016

Outsmarting nature?


http://www.etcgroup.org/content/outsmarting-nature





Many of the world's largest agro-industrial corporations are pushing forward the poorly-defined idea of "Climate-Smart Agriculture"(CSA) to re-market industrial agriculture as 'climate-ready'. This report uncovers how some advocates of CSA are embracing the extreme genetic engineering tools of synthetic biology ("Syn Bio") to develop a set of false solutions to the climate crisis.
The 20-page report includes:
-       An overview of the Players lining up behind the “Climate-Smart” brand and the Global Alliance for Climate Smart Agriculture (GACSA).
-       Details and critique of public and private research projects to alter photosynthesis pathways in plants and microbes, theoretically to increase the carbon sequestration of plants.
-      Details and critique of Synthetic Biology projects that aim to increase nitrogen fixation in plants and create ‘self-fertilizing plants,’ theoretically to reduce fertilizer applications.
-      An exposé of new Syn Bio applications developed by agrochemical giant Syngenta that make the activation of ‘climate-tolerance’ traits dependent on the application of proprietary pesticides – thereby tying farmers closer to agrochemical use.
-      Proposals to release controversial ‘Gene Drive’ technology into the wild to make weed populations more susceptible to Monsanto’s Roundup herbicide, altering ecosystems to extend the commercial viability of that agrochemical.

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jueves, diciembre 17, 2015

Extreme biotech meets extreme energy



Paris, 24th November 2015 - At the upcoming Climate summit in Paris, some governments and much of civil society will be pushing for an urgent transition away from the carbon-rich fossil fuels responsible for climate chaos. However, one hi-tech sector, the multi-billion dollar Synthetic Biology industry, is now actively tying its future to the very oil, coal and gas extraction it once claimed to be able to displace. That’s the conclusion of a new report released jointly today from the ETC Group and Heinrich Böll Foundation. Titled “Extreme Biotech meets Extreme Energy”, the report predicts that as the extreme biotech industry and the extreme extraction industry move towards deeper collaboration, the biosafety risks and climate threats emanating from them will become ever more entangled.

Synthetic Biology (or Syn Bio) describes a set of new and emerging genetic engineering techniques and is also the name for a surging young industry that is designing and engineering life-forms from scratch for industrial purposes. The first round of synthetic biology companies sold themselves to investors on the promise of a ‘clean green’ industry that would replace fossil fuels with biofuels and bioplastics made from sugar and cellulose. However, Syn Bio industry leaders are now retooling their companies explicitly in order to serve the petrochemical industry and to increase the value and flow of fossil minerals from the frackfields and oilfields to commercial markets.

“Only five years ago Syn Bio industry CEOs were posturing that they would bring about a sugar-based bioeconomy that would do away with dirty fossil fuels” explains Jim Thomas, Programme Director with ETC Group. “Now those same CEOs are restructuring their operations to prop up the oil and gas majors and their green promises are melting along with the ice sheets.” 


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sábado, noviembre 15, 2014

What is Synthetic Biology?: Engineering Life and Livelihoods

domingo, noviembre 02, 2014

"We’ll design every human on a computer and make poop smell like bananas"

http://www.gmwatch.org/index.php/news/archive/2014/15736-we-ll-
design-every-human-on-a-computer-and-make-poop-smell-like-bananas




.

Synthetic biology tries to recharacterise living organisms as engineerable
Item 1 below is the script of a clear and watchable new video explaining what synthetic biology is and how it's being used.
Item 2 – "We’ll design every human on a computer and make poop smell like bananas" – gives a glimpse into the insanity that drives some sectors of the synthetic biology boom.
EXCERPT (item 1): According to SynBio companies, their products are already in soft drinks, soaps, face creams and washing detergents. They are unregulated, unlabelled and under the radar of public awareness.
1. What is synthetic biology?
2. Cambrian Genomics CEO: We’ll design every human on a computer and make poop smell like bananas

1. What is synthetic biology?

BioEconomics Media Project and ETC Group
SynBioWatch, 29 Oct 2014
http://www.synbiowatch.org/2014/10/synthetic_biology_explained/
[Video at link above]

Cambrian Genomics CEO: We’ll design every human on a computer and make poop smell like bananas

2. Cambrian Genomics CEO: We’ll design every human on a computer and make poop smell like bananas


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martes, octubre 21, 2014

Regulate Synthetic Biology Now: 194 Countries

http://www.etcgroup.org/content/regulate-synthetic-biology-now-194-countries-0




Press Release, Oct 20 2014

PYEONGCHANG, SOUTH KOREA– In a unanimous decision of 194 countries, the United Nation's Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) today formally urged nation states to regulate synthetic biology (SynBio), a new extreme form of genetic engineering. The landmark decision follows ten days of hard-fought negotiations between developing countries and a small group of wealthy biotech-friendly economies. Until now, synthetic organisms have been developed and commercialized without international regulations; increasing numbers of synthetically-derived products are making their way to market. The CBD’s decision is regarded as a "starting signal" for governments to begin establishing formal oversight for this exploding and controversial field.

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miércoles, mayo 29, 2013

Tell Kickstarter not to allow bioengineered organisms - We have one week to stop them!




Dear friends,


A synthetically engineered life form designed on a computer by a private biotech company will be sent out into the wild unless we can convince Kickstarter to stop it. It will be the first ever organism produced from Synthetic Biology (extreme genetic engineering) to be deliberately released into the environment and it will be entirely unmonitored and unregulated. It sounds like a bad science fiction plot, but it’s absolutely true.


Kickstarter is a crowdsourced fundraising website with rules preventing people from using it for projects involving drugs, weapons and even sunglasses! But unless they add to these rules, a Kickstarter project to bioengineer a new type of plant will receive over $400,00 of funding on the 7th June - just over a week away- and worryingly over 6000 people who gave more than $40 will be sent bioengineered seeds in the mail to release at will. The engineered plant, a common weed engineered to glow in the dark, will be built using a controversial technology called Synthetic Biology that is so new that apparently no US regulator has the power to stop the spread. At present over 600,000 seeds will be posted to over 6000 random locations - unmonitored and unassessed.


Synthetic Biology is a form of extreme genetic engineering where artificial DNA is engineered into living things to fundamentally change their character. Nobody knows how to asses synthetic organisms for safety and until now governments and companies have refrained from releasing these organisms into the environment because they may threaten the natural world. The UN has called for caution and advisors to the US President says that none of these new organisms should be released into the wild at this time.


Kickstarter was built to help struggling artists, not give corporate biohackers with risky technologies a blank cheque to threaten our ecosystems. Let’s return Kickstarter to its roots and help protect nature against this new threat of Synthetic Biology.


thanks!



Jim Thomas
ETC Group 

http://www.etcgroup.org/kickstopper

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jueves, mayo 03, 2012

Friends of the Earth takes on the "bioeconomy"

http://www.foe.org/news/blog/2012-04-bioeconomy-blueprint-or-biotechnology-boost

Bioeconomy Blueprint or biotechnology boost?

Posted Apr. 27, 2012 / Posted by: Eric hoffman
Yesterday morning the White House released its National Bioeconomy Blueprint  which “outlines steps that agencies will take to drive the bioeconomy—economic activity powered by research and innovation in the biosciences—and details ongoing efforts across the Federal government to realize this goal.”
Unfortunately, this new bioeconomy is not as green as the Obama administration is making it out to be. The so-called bioeconomy is dependent primarily on the risky, unregulated field of synthetic biology and the use of unsustainably produced biomass to feed synthetic organisms created by these technologies. The National Bioeconomy Blueprint, while offering little in new substantive policy, causes more harm than good by giving the green light to the growth and profit of the synthetic biology industry without making any real effort to protect people and the environment from the novel risks posed by this emerging technology.
Synthetic biology is an extreme form of genetic engineering involving the writing and rewriting of genetic code and biological systems in order to create novel organisms that have never existed before in nature. Novel organisms created through synthetic biology could escape from the lab and become a new class of invasive species or pump out oil into local waterways. Biotech workers at put at risk if organisms are improperly contained and these synthetic bugs get inside their bodies or are carried home with them on their clothes. Check out our issue brief, Synthetic Biology 101, for more information on what exactly these technologies are and the risks synthetic biology pose.
According to Andrew Pollack at the New York Times, “much of what is in the 43-page-report…is a list of government programs that are already under way. So it is not clear what concrete changes, if any, will result.” But while no new major policy initiatives were announced, the Blueprint appears to be a nod of approval for moving full speed ahead for an unregulated and rapidly developing synthetic biology industry.  
You may recall that last month, 113 organizations from around the world called for the proper oversight and regulation of synthetic biology in the Principles for the Oversight of Synthetic Biology. This global coalition demanded that the Precautionary Principle be applied to the governance of synthetic biology and that a moratorium be placed on the environmental release and commercial use of synthetic organisms until proper national and international laws have been established to ensure synthetic biology does not harm people or the environment.
Unfortunately, the Obama White House is moving in the exact opposite direction with this new initiative. The National Bioeconomy Blueprint calls for expanded development of “essential bioeconomy technologies” such as synthetic biology and identify points to reduce regulatory barriers for the biotechnology industry. One of the White House’s main strategic objectives is to “unlock the promise of synthetic biology” by making strategic investments in synthetic biology that “have the potential to move the bioeconomy forward in all sectors.”
The Blueprint quotes  President Obama’s Bioethics Commission, which recommended back in 2010, that federal actions be taken “to ensure that America reaps the benefits of synthetic biology while identifying appropriate ethical boundaries and minimizing identified risks” of synthetic biology.  Unfortunately those recommendations, which were publically criticized by Friends of the Earth and 57 other organizations from around the world, looked to self-regulation to guide developments in synthetic biology instead of developing actual laws and regulations that are specifically tailored to the novel risks posed by synthetic biology.
The claim that the government will “minimize identified risks” from synthetic biology sounds great but so far they have failed to even look at these risks. According to a report from the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, of the $430 million spent by the federal government on synthetic biology between 2005 and 2010, zero projects were identified that focused on risk assessments related to the accidental or intentional release of synthetic organisms from the lab. Instead of truly balancing the potential benefits and risks of synthetic biology, the Bioeconomy Blueprint gives the industry the green light to rush ahead while turning a blind eye to the risks.
The bioeconomy also carries serious socio-economic risks. As the ETC Group highlighted in its brilliant report, The New Biomassters: Synthetic B iology and the Next Assault on Biodiversity and Livelihoods, the new bioeconomy is not as green as it seems. The bioeconomy is, in fact, “a red-hot resource grab of the lands, livelihoods, knowledge and resources of peoples in the global South, where most of that biomass is located.” As the report points out, 86 percent of global biomass is located in the tropics and subtropics, and a push for a new bioeconomy, enabled by synthetic biology, will only “accelerate the pace of forest destruction and land acquisition in the South in order to feed the economies of the North.” Biomass, or land on which it is grown, is not an unlimited resource, as the Blueprint seems to assume.
And just yesterday, a new report was released by the Global Forest Coalition titled Bio-economy Versus Biodiversity, which argues how the so-called bioeconomy will have “serious negative impacts…on forests, forest-dependent peoples, and biodiversity.” According to Simone Lovera, Executive Director of the Global Forest Coalition, “the bioeconomy is a massive effort to privatize nature for corporate profit…high-risk technologies like synthetic biology, nanotechnology, and genetically engineered trees will only drive the planetary ecosystem further into crisis.” This report concludes by challenging the Obama administration and other global leaders to “abandon the green sheen of biotechnology and market-based conservation schemes, and to affirm the kinds of biocultural approaches demonstrated by Indigenous Peoples and social movements in the Global South that eschew infinite economic growth for sustainable livelihoods, local living economies, and integration with the natural world.”
The Obama administration had a chance to take the driver’s seat and ensure that synthetic biology does not cause more harm than good. Instead, the White House is sitting in the passenger’s seat while the biotechnology industry speeds ahead without proper regulation, safety assessment, or oversight.
In the end the National Bioeconomy Blueprint feels more like an attempt for President Obama to claim he is creating jobs. What we really need is a serious discussion over how we should regulate new technologies and just what kind of future economy we want. If we are to have a truly sustainable economy moving forward, it cannot be based on risky, unregulated (and patented) technologies such as synthetic biology that pose serious harms to the environment and our health. The risks posed by synthetic biology and other biotechnologies must be studied before we rush forward with this new bioeconomy in which industry stands to make large profits while the risks are spread to the public.

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lunes, febrero 14, 2011

GOOGLE Y LA BIOLOGIA SINTETICA


RALLT


La empresa Google también está interesada en las ciencias de la vida, en particular la así llamada “biología sintética”. Google le interesa la biología sintética porque

puede ayudar a acelerar la era de la medicina personalizada. (Y qué pasa con la salud colectiva?).

La biología sintética combina ciencia e ingeniería y pretende diseñar y construir nuevos sistemas biológicos con funciones nuevas que no se encuentran en la naturaleza. De acuerdo al Grupo ETC, “La biología sintética reúne la ingeniería y las ciencias de la vida para diseñar y construir nuevos insumos biológicos que no existen en el mundo natural (organismos y artefactos) o para modificar los diseños existentes en los sistemas biológicos. Quienes promueven la biología sintética persiguen un tipo de "ingeniería genética extrema" en la esperanza de construir sistemas vivos artificiales que desempeñen tareas como la producción de energéticos o compuestos farmacéuticos.”


Entre las iniciativas en las que está involucrada está el desarrollo del llamado SynBioWave, que es un software descrito como la simbiosis entre las herramientas de comunicación Google Wave y las herramientas de la biología sintética. Uno de los objetivos es crear “genomas de silicio” La empresa farmacéutica Roche es una de las que financia este proyecto.


Google tiene además relaciones con Craig Venter, polémico científico que tiene a su haber miles de patentes de secuencias de genes humanos y uno de los más entusiastas artífices de la biología sintética. Venter y sus colegas consideran que "Con Google estamos tratando de generar un catálogo de genes para caracterizar todos los genes en el planeta y entender su desarrollo evolutivo”.


Por sus vínculos con Venter, el Grupo ETC le otorgó a Google el premio “Capitán Garfio”, que castiga los peores casos de biopiratería. En la argumentación de porqué se le entregó este premio ellos dice:


“Google obtuvo el premio por "La amenaza más grande a la privacidad genética" por su colaboración con J. Craig. Venter … por crear una base de datos en línea para poder buscar todos los genes del planeta. La empresa espera que podamos "goglear" nuestros genes dentro de unos diez años. Cómo le hará Google para obtener nuestros genes y quién tendrá acceso a ellos son dos de las preguntas que necesitan respuesta”.


Fuentes:

http://news.cnet.com/8301-17939_109-9800551-2.html
http://www.etcgroup.org/es/los_problemas/biologia_sintetica
http://www.synbiowave.org/
www.captainhookawards.org.

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lunes, octubre 18, 2010

New Report Concludes Synthetic Biofuels Won’t Help Solve the Climate Crisis

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
September 30, 2010
1:00 PM

CONTACT: Friends of the Earth
Sarah Mier, 202-222-0751, smier@foe.org
Eric Hoffman, 202-222-0747, ehoffman@foe.org


New report examines the dangers of synthetic biology in biofuels production

WASHINGTON - September 30 - The environmental watchdog group Friends of the Earth released a report today warning policymakers of the dangers of misguided attempts by the biotechnology industry to apply synthetic biology to the climate crisis, including the production of synthetic biofuels.

The report, titled “Synthetic Solutions to the Climate Crisis: The Dangers of Synthetic Biology for Biofuels Production,” concludes that synthetic biology projects including the creation of algae with synthetic DNA to produce fuels or synthetic yeast to break down biomass could have potentially devastating results if these organisms were released into the environment. For example, synthetic algae released into the ocean could grow rapidly, depleting oxygen levels, choking other life, and creating large dead zones.

Friends of the Earth Biotechnology Policy Campaigner Eric Hoffman had the following comment:

“This is uncharted territory, but we know that in the past, Monsanto and other corporations have promised that genetically modified crops would not spread and cross pollinate, and these claims proved false. We are now being asked to believe a similar promise, but the stakes are even higher. Synthetic microbes have no natural predators, and if they escape they may disrupt ecosystems and harm public health. Our report concludes thatthe federal government should put a complete moratorium on the release and commercial use of synthetic organisms. All possible implications of this synthetic biology research, including environmental, economic, social, and public health risks, must be reviewed by regulators.”

“In addition, we have found that despite the industry’s claims, synthetic biofuels will not be a solution to the climate crisis. Any efficiency gains in the production process are likely to be offset by the fact that synthetic biology would lead to more materials being turned into biofuels. This would increase the environmental damage—including deforestation and emissions of heat-trapping gases—and social ills caused by biofuel crop cultivation.”

The report can be viewed at http://www.foe.org/healthy-people/synthetic-biology.

###

Friends of the Earth is the U.S. voice of the world's largest grassroots environmental network, with member groups in 77 countries. Since 1969, Friends of the Earth has fought to create a more healthy, just world.

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viernes, octubre 08, 2010

Article on synbio in Africa

Synthetic biology in Africa: time to pay attention

Gareth Jones and Mariam Mayet

2010-10-07, Issue 499

http://pambazuka.org/en/category/features/67538

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Synthetic biology – the design and engineering of biological components that can be used to construct a variety of biological systems – is a hot scientific topic. But with enormous implications for human health, Gareth Jones and Mariam Mayet ask when the very real ethical concerns associated with the technology will be debated.
‘…[synthetic biology] is broadly understood as the deliberate design of novel biological systems and organisms that draws on principles elucidated by biologists, chemists, physicists and engineers…in essence it is about redesigning life.’ [1]

The emerging field of synthetic biology has been making waves in the global scientific community recently. Earlier this year, Craig Venter, the doyen of the genomics world, claimed that his company had created the world’s first self-reproducing organism.

Scientists have proclaimed that the discipline is on the cusp of opening doors to almost limitless supplies of agro-fuels and pharmaceutical compounds. The ethical implications of this new technology are considerable, as not only will it ultimately offer the potential to create biological systems and organisms that do not occur in nature, but scientists have already been able to synthesise several lethal human pathogens and viruses.[2] However, according to an EU High Level Expert Group (HLEG) on synthetic biology, ‘it seems likely that we do not as yet possess a conceptual ethical framework that can provide a common context for such debates.’[3]

As definitions of synthetic biology depend upon the scientific approach taken or the final application of a given project, a standard classification has remained elusive. However, it is generally accepted that the discipline utilises principles drawn from multi-disciplinary fields, including nano-technology, biology, physics, chemistry and genetic engineering, to design and engineer biological components that can be used interchangeably to construct a variety of biological systems. These systems could be constructed for a variety of uses, ranging from the production of pharmaceuticals, chemicals, hydrocarbons and food.[4]

Funding of synthetic biology

Research carried out by the Synthetic Biology Project [5] has revealed that there are currently over 180 organisations in the United States and a further 50 in Europe that are involved in synthetic biology research, development and commercialisation. The current annual research market for synthetic biology is worth an estimated US$600 million, a figure that could potentially exceed US$3.5 billion over the next decade. Other projections from the industry go even further, with one postulating that as much as 20 per cent of the $1.8 trillion global chemical industry could be dependent on synthetic biology by 2015.[6]

Since 2005, research related to synthetic biology has received approximately US$430 million from the US government, while the European Union (EU) and the governments of Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom have spent in the region of US$160 million.

The United States Department of Energy (DOE) is by far the biggest individual source of research funds, with conservative estimates putting its largesse at US$350 million over the period (which could be as high as US$700 million). The US Department of Defence is also reported to have committed US$20 million of its gargantuan budget for 2010/11 towards synthetic biology research, though further information is unavailable to the public.

Synthetic biology was earmarked as a priority research area in the EU back in 2003 and US$53 million in funding has been approved since then. The UK government is estimated to have spent between US$30 million and US$53 million since 2005. In 2008, three Dutch universities (Delft University of Technology, University of Gronigen and the Eindhoven University of Technology) announced an investment plan of US$90 million over the next five to ten years.[7]

Just four per cent of US research spending since 2005 has been devoted to the ethical, legal and social implications of synthetic biology. In Europe the figure is even lower, a paltry two per cent. Most disturbingly, not a single research grant dedicated to the risk assessment of synthetic biology can be identified.[8]

Private funding for synthetic biology research is directed overwhelmingly towards agro-fuel applications, with big-oil leading the way. In 2009, Exxon Mobil, in its first major investment in agro-fuels, entered into a US$600 million partnership with Synthetic Genomics to develop transportation fuels from algae.[9] In 2007, BP announced a US$500 million research agreement with the University of California, Berkeley (UCB), to develop synthetic agro-fuels.[10] Amyris biotechnologies, the company established in 2003 by Professor Jay Keasling, the principle investigator on the UCB’s artemisinin project, recruited the former head of US fuels at BP to be its first CEO. Its largest stockholder is the French oil and gas giant Total.

This flood of capital into the field has, in the view of at least one professor of biomedical engineering, diverted skills and focus from areas where the discipline could potentially benefit the wider public.[11] The parallels with the genetic engineering of food crops could not be more striking. For the last decade highly lucrative GM commodities such as maize and soy (that are predominantly used to feed the animals raised in industrial agricutural production, which in turn feed the global minority who can afford that meat) have been bringing in record profits for the global agro-seed-and chemical complex. Over the same period the deluge of ‘benefits’ that were set to emancipate the wretched of the earth from hunger and poverty have failed to materialise.

******


Implications for Africa

As far as we know, there are no national, regional nor international biosafety rules in place to regulate synthetic biology in the world today, despite its ability to have far reaching implications for humanity and the natural world. Nevertheless, the issue is being discussed at international fora, including the Convention on Biological Diversity. At the 14th meeting of the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice (SBSTTA14), synthetic biology was specifically debated. The report of SBSTTA 14 [29] contains several references to synthetic biology, in square brackets, including a de facto moratorium on the release of synthetic life forms.[30] However, square brackets means that it has not achieved unanimous agreement and will be further discussed at the 10th ministerial meeting of the UN Convention's Conference of the Parties (COP 10) that will take place in Nagoya, Japan between 18 and 29 October 2010.

Although the issue is on the international agenda, it is doubtful whether the proposed moratorium will survive in the face of the huge financial and strategic interests at stake. At the very least, those concerned with the implications of this technology for society and the environment may be able to obtain some form of rules and procedures to govern the use of the technology. Even this route will be highly contested and bitterly fought by those set to benefit the most.

The potential impact of synthetic biology on the African continent requires extensive public debate in an open and transparent manner. Valuable lessons must be heeded from prior experiences where exogenous technology has been imposed on the continent, without there being enough public engagement and adequate local authority and capacity to regulate it.

For the most appropriate example in this instance, one need look no further than what has been happening with biotechnology using genetic engineering techniques in Africa.

Currently, only three countries on the African continent commercially produce genetically modified crops: Burkina Faso, Egypt and South Africa.[31] This has not stopped a deluge of ‘capacity building’ initiatives, funded in the main by the biotech industry and their PR shock troops at organisations such as USAID and the Gates Foundation, throughout the continent.

While ostensibly the modus operandi of these initiatives is to help Africa to feed itself, in the absence of domestic biotechnology expertise it also conveniently provides the opportunity for the shaping of the biosafety discourse to suit the technologies’ developers and others that stand to benefit from the use of the technology.[32] Further, the gains made at the multilateral level for the safe governance of biotechnology, through the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, are being undermined by efforts to ‘harmonise’ biosafety legislation across Africa through its regional economic communities (RECs). For example, from a recent draft GMO policy document from the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), it was patently clear that the architects of the policy had close ties to an industry that would benefit enormously should such policies come to fruition.[33]

Conclusion

Synthetic biology offers yet more currency to the hubris that man is ‘master’ of his environment. Yet this mastery comes with a heavy responsibility. The potential to produce almost limitless amounts of cheap medicine and clean fuels must be tempered by the fact that the technology is still in its infancy, and that its real consequences cannot yet be predicted with any great certainty. As is the case with food, abundance alone does not guarantee availability. Will the provision of anti-malarial drugs be more effective in a centralised system, where a few companies exert exclusive control, or in a more nuanced fashion, where locally source material can be quickly and efficiently processed and distributed to those in most need?

To date the real money in synthetic biology appears to be following its energy potential, with the world’s largest oil companies having already sunk hundreds of millions of dollars into the field. South Africa appears to be banking on the technology as a means to cement its place inside this global event. This unbridled enthusiasm, however, has taken place largely beyond public scrutiny or awareness of what is really and truly at stake.

BROUGHT TO YOU BY PAMBAZUKA NEWS

* Gareth Jones is a researcher at the African Center for Biosafety. Mariam Mayet is the director of the African Center for Biosafety.
* Please send comments to editor@pambazuka.org or comment online at Pambazuka News.

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lunes, agosto 16, 2010

BRASIL COMERCIALIZARÁ DIESEL DE CAÑA CON BIOLOGÍA SINTÉTICA. LA EMPRESA INVOLUCRADA ES AMYRIS

Brasil comercializará diesel producido a partir de caña de azúcar en 2011.

La división brasileña de Amyris Biotechnologies indicó que el próximo año entrará en funcionamiento una planta de Sao Martinho para producir el biocombustible a gran escala y su comercialización será inmediata.

Amyris y la alcaldía de Sao Paulo iniciaron un proyecto piloto en el que tres autobuses del transporte urbano público serán abastecidos con un 5% del diesel de caña de azúcar y otro porcentaje igual recibirán en su totalidad el biocombustible, para establecer un comparativo de rendimiento.

En el proyecto piloto de Sao Paulo participa la multinacional automotriz alemana Mercedes-Benz, encargada de fabricar los motores de los autobuses, y la petrolera estatal Petrobras, que tomarán cuenta de la distribución del diesel de caña de azúcar.

El diesel de caña de azúcar fue aprobado por los organismos reguladores de Estados Unidos, que consideraron el biocombustible como menos contaminante y que no atenta contra la producción de alimentos.

Amyris Biotechnologies abrió su planta en Campanis en julio del 2009 para producir a gran escala hidrocarburos a partir de caña de azúcar, procesados mediante el uso de sus microbios fabricados mediante biología sintética. Amyris producirá hidrocarburos, no etanol, y usará la infraestructura ya existente en el país para cultivar y procesar la caña de azúcar. Amyris, con sede en Emeryville, California, utiliza herramientas pertenecientes a un nuevo campo, denominado como biología sintética, para modificar microbios a través de la ingeniería, entre los que se incluyen un tipo de levadura capaz de fermentar el azúcar para producir hidrocarburos en vez de etanol. En vez de otorgar a otra compañía la licencia de uso de su levadura productora de hidrocarburos, Amyris tiene previsto comprar centrales azucareras y convertirlas en centros donde puedan utilizar sus microbios y producir combustibles, así como otro tipo de componentes químicos. El mayor gasto en la producción del combustible viene dado por la materia prima, motivo por que Amyris escogió a Brasil y la caña de azúcar en vez del maíz y los Estados Unidos, por ser más barato. Como materia prima para el etanol, el maíz cuesta 1,20 dólares por galón, mientras que la caña de azúcar sólo cuesta 0,85 dólares. Además el procesado de la caña de azúcar es significativamente más barato. Fuentes:

Se abre una planta de biocombustibles en Brasil. La planta de demostración a gran escala de Amyris producirá diesel a partir de caña de azúcar.

Por Katherine Bourzac
http://www.technologyreview.com/es/read_article.aspx?id=609
Brasil comercializará el diesel de caña de azúcar en 2011
Por Agencia EFE

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jueves, julio 15, 2010

Controversial Extreme Genetic Engineering Project Announced by Exxon and Prominent Scientist

July 14, 2010

Contact:

Kim Huynh, khuynh@foe.org, 202-222-0723
Nick Berning, nberning@foe.org, 202-222-0748


A leading scientist in the controversial field of synthetic biology and oil giant Exxon Mobil announced today that they are opening a greenhouse in San Diego, California, to grow synthetic algae to produce fuel.


The scientist, Craig Venter, and his firm, Synthetic Genomics, plan to work with Exxon Mobil to employ synthetic biology, an extreme form of genetic engineering, in the new greenhouse. In synthetic biology, novel genetic material is designed on computers and then manufactured. This material is then inserted into living organisms to reconfigure them or is used to build completely new species from scratch. Venter and Exxon plan to use this approach to create algae that produce petroleum-like fuel from sunlight and carbon dioxide.


The deal announced today represents one of the largest efforts yet to produce fuel using synthetic biology, and poses substantial environmental and ethical risks, said Eric Hoffman, a genetic technology policy campaigner for Friends of the Earth.


“This announcement shows that Big Oil is deeply involved in the dangerous field of synthetic biology," Hoffman said. "We should heed lessons learned from the Exxon Valdez and Deepwater Horizon disasters and stop allowing oil companies that have repeatedly harmed our environment to continue taking excessive risks that endanger the public. But that is exactly what they’re doing by deploying this risky and underregulated technology. Algae form the basis of many food chains. If synthetic algae were to escape, they could out-compete natural forms of algae and disrupt food chains that depend on them, damaging ecosystems and the economy.”


Friends of the Earth has called on the government to put a moratorium on the environmental release and commercial use of synthetic organisms. More information can be found at http://www.foe.org/healthy-people/biofuels-synthetic-biology.

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lunes, junio 07, 2010

Vida artificial con fines de lucro

SILVIA RIBEIRO

"Son muchos los temas y problemas que plantea construir y liberar vida artificial, desde éticos a bélicos —por su alto potencial como armas biológicas— así como por los graves impactos ambientales y económicos que tendría."

El pasado 20 de mayo, el controvertido científico Craig Venter anunció que el Instituto Venter y su empresa Synthetic Genomics Inc habían construido en laboratorio el primer genoma completo totalmente artificial, con capacidad de autorreplicación. Insertaron este genoma artificial en una bacteria a la que habían previamente despojado de su material genético y lograron que el genoma sintético intruso comandara la bacteria, replicándose.

Son muchos los temas y problemas que plantea construir y liberar vida artificial, desde éticos a bélicos —por su alto potencial como armas biológicas— así como por los graves impactos ambientales y económicos que tendría.

Sin embargo, con la arrogancia que lo caracteriza, Venter anunció el hecho como si fuera un estreno de Hollywood, encomiando sus logros y desestimando los riesgos de esta nueva forma de manipulación de la vida. Según él, la construcción de vida artificial será la solución para problemas energéticos, climáticos, ambientales, alimentarios y de salud. Todo en función del lucro que pueda conseguir con ello, por lo que ha patentado todo el proceso y para que nadie pueda usar o copiar su invento, introdujo en el genoma artificial secuencias genéticas que identifican su propiedad.

Un macabro ejemplo que muestra el tipo de solución al que se refiere Venter, es la colaboración de Synthetic Genomics, la empresa de la cual es cofundador (con capitales y participación de los mexicanos Alfonso Romo y Juan Enríquez), con empresas que están entre las más sucias del planeta: las petroleras Exxon y BP. Buscan desarrollar combustibles a partir de su producción con microbios construidos artificialmente y basados en algas transgénicas y microalgas con genoma artificial. Implicaría la liberación masiva de vida artificial en miles de kilómetros del mar, con impactos potenciales mucho más allá de lo que nadie pueda predecir, ya que nunca ha habido vida artificial en interacción con el medio ambiente y otros organismos vivos.

Con el reciente megaderrame de petróleo en el Golfo de México, BP ha demostrado fehacientemente al mundo que en función de ahorrarse dinero en medidas de seguridad, no duda en poner en riesgo enormes áreas naturales y ecosistemas, la vida de millones de seres vivos y las formas de vida y sustento de cientos de miles de personas. Imagine usted lo que puede surgir de la colaboración entre los entusiastas de la manipulación y privatización de la vida y de la ciencia con las empresas más contaminantes e irresponsables del planeta.

Aunque otros científicos cuestionan, con razón, que ésta sea creación de vida artificial, ya que en realidad Venter introdujo un genoma en una bacteria preexistente, ello no disminuye los riesgos que significa este engendro. El objetivo de Venter es crear un genoma mínimo que se pueda construir artificialmente para usarlo como una plataforma, un chasis al que agregarle diferentes genes según la función que se busque. Por eso afirma que se podría usar en tantos campos: dependería de los genes que se les agregue.

Para buscar esos genes, Venter se ha dedicado a biopiratear sitios megadiversos del mundo (incluyendo México, Ecuador, El Salvador y otros de América Latina y el mundo). Cuenta ahora con una enorme colección de genes con características extremas para sus fines comerciales. Mientras los colectaba aseguró que eran para investigación sin fines de lucro. Poco después declaró que si lograba construir un microbio artificial para producir combustibles, valdría billones de dólares y sin duda patentaría todo el proceso.

Lo que Venter y otros que trabajan en biología sintética no nombran, es que si funcionan, necesitarán alguna fuente de carbohidratos para alimentar esos microbios artificiales y producir lo que avizoran. Eso significará un ataque masivo con nuevas fronteras de explotación y comercialización de la biomasa del planeta, de los cultivos y bosques existentes y/o nuevos acaparamientos de tierra para sembrar interminables monocultivos para procesar con microbios artificiales. Esto acarreará más impactos ambientales y sociales, con desplazamientos de campesinos, indígenas y otros habitantes en esas tierras. En lugar de buscar el petróleo bajo tierra, que es biomasa procesada en millones de años, ahora quieren convertir en hidrocarburos y polímeros la biomasa sobre la tierra (y el mar), existente o por sembrar.

Cada vez hay más evidencias científicas de que el funcionamiento de los genes y su relación dentro de los organismos y con el medio son mucho más complejas de lo que se creía. La construcción de vida artificial en laboratorio puede funcionar, pero no hay duda de que violenta los largos procesos coevolutivos naturales de los organismos y el ambiente, con impactos impredecibles sobre ellos.

Por éstas y otras razones, el cuerpo científico técnico del Convenio de Diversidad Biológica de Naciones Unidas acordó en Nairobi, al día siguiente del anuncio de Venter, enviar una recomendación de moratoria a la liberación de organismos vivos artificiales a la próxima sesión del Convenio. Es apenas un comienzo, que marca la urgencia de un amplio debate social para impedir que empresas y científicos ávidos de lucro sigan actuando en la impunidad.

Silvia Ribeiro es Investigadora del Grupo ETC

Fuente: La Jornada

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miércoles, mayo 26, 2010

A Pandora's Box Moment? Synthetic Biology Breakthrough Tied to Search for Cheap Biofuels

By Annie Shattuck and Scott Lensing

The J. Craig Venter Institute and Synthetic Genomics Inc. announced the successful construction of the first self-replicating synthetic organism on May 21, 2010. What might this mean?

Using the essential building blocks of DNA to create sequences from scratch, synthetic biology moves far beyond the genetic shuffling and rearrangement that characterizes current genetic modification, and instead reaches into a wholly new realm of human environmental intervention. Last week’s breakthrough was the first time an organism took up and replicated the synthetic DNA. But for Venter, the project is less about scientific advancement than turning a profit. Venter's company, Synthetic Genomics, secured a deal with ExxonMobil to create a synthetic algae that theoretically will be able to absorb carbon dioxide from the air and convert it to biofuel.

According to researcher Jim Thomas of the ETC Group, who has spent the better part of a decade tracking developments in Synthetic biology "This is the quintessential Pandora’s box moment - like the splitting of the atom or the cloning of Dolly the sheep. We will all have to deal with the fall-out from this alarming experiment. Synthetic biology is a high-risk profit-driven field, building organisms out of parts that are still poorly understood. We know that lab-created life-forms can escape, become biological weapons, and that their use threatens existing natural biodiversity. Most worrying of all, Craig Venter is handing this powerful technology to the world’s most irresponsible and environmentally damaging industry by partnering with the likes of BP and Exxon to hasten the commercialization of synthetic life-forms."

While the Venter Institute promises numerous societal benefits from its scientific breakthrough,” critical questions still surround the inherently unknown environmental impact of this completely new practice. The development of a synthetic life form significantly heightens the usual concerns regarding genetically engineered crops, as the basic components of these genomes, let alone the genomes themselves, do not occur anywhere in nature.

With no precedent for the interaction between synthetic genomes and naturally evolved organisms, pushing these new, poorly-understood genomes from the lab into the environment could have profound effects on our food and agricultural systems. The concentration of this technology in a few corporate hands that have exclusive access to information on the genomes raises questions on transparency and oversight, and necessitates the role of government regulatory bodies in dictating the terms by which synthetic biology is used. Rigorous scientific testing and intense oversight by groups that are not financially invested in the “syn-bio” agenda remains an absolutely crucial step before the commercial release of this technology is even seriously considered.

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lunes, mayo 24, 2010

Biología sintética: la caja de Pandora de una investigación aplicada venalmente motivada

Hervé Le Crosnier · · · · ·
23/05/10

La revista Science ha publicado en su edición del 20 de mayo de 2010 un artículo firmado por un equipo de investigación dirigido por Craig Venter, atribuyéndose la creación de la primera célula dorada de un ADN totalmente realizado por ordenador. [1] Para Venter, eso representa "una etapa importante, científica y filosóficamente". Si dejamos de lado la manera ditirámbica en que ha sido divulgada la noticia por la prensa, lo cierto es que esta publicación científica, así como las investigaciones conducentes a ese resultado, plantean numerosas cuestiones que merecen toda la atención de los ciudadanos, de quienes toman decisiones políticas y de las asociaciones de la sociedad civil, y tiene que llevar reflexión a las comunidades científicas. Las asociaciones de la sociedad civil, y señaladamente ETC Group, exigen una moratoria para las técnicas empleadas en la llamada "biología sintética") y llaman a una reflexión de alcance mundial sobre la genética extrema.

"La creación de la primera célula viva dotada de un genoma sintético, desvelada el pasado jueves, significa un avance en la comprensión de los mecanismos de la vida y abre la vía a la fabricación de organismos artificiales capaces, por ejemplo, de producir carburantes limpios". Con esta introducción, como poco espectacular, arranca el comunicado de prensa con que se anunció en Francia esta publicación. Esa manera de transformar los experimentos de laboratorio en recetas milagrosas para los males de la economía y los sufrimientos del planeta se convertido de la forma principal de comunicación pública de los resultados científicos. En detrimento, a la vez, del análisis de los trabajos de investigación y de la capacidad de los ciudadanos y de sus representantes para evaluar los trabajos y sacar las oportunas consecuencias políticas.

En realidad, el experimento es harto más modesto. Pero harto más inquietante, también. Se ha tratado de sintetizar un cromosoma, cuyo código había sido escrito por un computador, de construirlo sirviéndose de levaduras, para introducirlo luego en una célula y recuperarlo tal cual tras la división de esa célula. Para verificar que eso ocurría, el equipo de Craig Venter introdujo unas "filigranas" en el código del cromosoma.

La síntesis de ADN la logró por vez primera a comienzos de los años 70 del siglo pasado Har Gobin Khorana, y comportaba 207 pares de bases. En 2002, Eckard Wimmer anunció la recreación de un virus de la polio. Luego se ha recreado el ADN del vrus de la gripe española de 1918, y se han mejorado las técnicas empleadas. Desde entonces, se pueden encargar hebras de ADN, recibiendo su secuencia a vuelta de correo electrónico. Hay más de 40 empresas de síntesis genómica, dos de ellas en Francia. Lo que aporta la experiencia el experimento del Instituto de Craig Venter son mejoras en las técnicas de construcción del cromosoma y en la capacidad para recuperarlo tal cual tras la división celular, indicio de que tomado el control de la célula. Para David Baltimore, eminente genetista del Caltech citado por el New York Times, no puede hablarse de creación de vida, sino de sólo de una recopia. Se trataría de un trabajo técnico de reconocida calidad, pero que le parece distar mucho los superlativos autoatribuidos por el equipo de Craig Venter para "vender" su experimento.

Pues de vender se trata para estos investigadores en biología sintética. Venter solicitó en mayo de 2007 una patente en los EEUU (con número de solicitud 20070122826) y una patente internacional (PTO WO2007047148) . Busca así convertirse en propietario de las técnicas de construcción de un conjunto de ADN "mínimo), susceptible de ser replicado a imagen y semejanza de la materia viva. También reivindica la propiedad de los procesos de producción de hidrógeno y de etanol que pudieran derivarse de técnicas similares. Estamos lejos de la investigación que persigue "comprender la naturaleza" y explicar los fenómenos biológicos: lo que se observa, antes bien, es una carrera en busca de aplicaciones capaces de atraer el frenesí de los inversores en capital-riesgo.

En lo inmediato, se trata de controlar los cimientos económicos o financieros de la burbuja especulativa del mercado de carbono. En esta competición desembridada, el equipo de Craig Venter está asociado a Synthetic Genomics Inc., una empresa asimismo dirigida por Craig Venter y apoyada por el gobierno de los EEUU, cuyo Secretario de Estado de Energía, el Premio Nobel Steven Chu, es un ferviente partidario de la biología sintética. Una empresa vinculada con las petroleras Exxon Mobil y BP, cuya capacidad para aplicar tecnologías sin riesgos podemos admirar ahora mismo en el Golfo de México.

Una ambición prometeica

La producción de hidrocarburos a través de bacterias pilotadas por un ADN artificial no es, desde luego, inminente. Pero el principio mismo de esos estudios, organizados con fines financieros y utilizados como maniobra mediática de diversión frente a los problemas actuales del planeta y de la sociedad, sí puede ponerse en causa.

Pues lo que es de temer no es para echado a humo de pajas: desarrollo de armas biológicas; consecuencias para los empleados de los laboratorios en contacto con virus extremadamente patógenos; y riesgos de una fuga accidental al medio ambiente de organismos sintéticos. [2]

La previsible carrera industrial, pero también las guerras de egos entre los investigadores implicados, aconsejan una reflexión democrática global sobre la oportunidad y las condiciones de este tipo de investigación. No es posible abandonar la decisión exclusivamente a los investigadores de del dominio en cuestión. Ni permitirles vender, sobrevender y agitar a golpe de sensación mediática unas promesas, cuya credibilidad es más que dudosa.

En esa reflexión conviene no olvidar jamás que las voluntades prometeicas de una parte de la comunidad científica, y señaladamente de los mavericks [chiflados] de la genómica que están en el origen de las noticias hoy publicadas. A los peridistas que le preguntaron si no tenía la sensación de estar jugando a Dios, Hamilton O. Smith, Premio Nóbel, accionista de Sinthetic Genomic Inc., y uno de los firmantes del artículo publicado en Science, respondió con su chiste preferido: "No estamos jugando". El código genético utilizado por el experimento publicado hoy incorpora –lo que, huelga decirlo, se nos pide dejar en segundo plano— a modo de "filigrana" unas marcas que permitan identificar el cromosoma, y entre otras, esta cita del filósofo Feliz Adler sacada de American Prometheus, su biografía del inventor de la bomba atómica, Oppenheimer: "No miréis las cosas como son, sino como podrían ser".

Pues, en el fondo, lo que hoy se extiende el mundo de la investigación aplicada es una voluntad de "reparar la máquina-Tierra" , desde su estructura global (con la "geoingeniería"), hasta la nanomateria, pasando, evidentemente, por la "dominación" de la materia viva. [3] La naturaleza no es ya el modelo único y singular que la ciencia debe interpretar, sino un simple objeto que los ingenieros deben mejorar…, y si es posible, en nombre de la "libertad del investigador" , es decir, sin que los ciudadanos puedan decir ni pío sobre las decisiones que orientan la investigación aplicada, ni sobre la evaluación de las consecuencias sobre el medio ambiente natural y sobre los fundamentos de la vida social. Ni siquiera sobre las consecuencias filosóficas de esta búsqueda extrema de poder sobre la materia viva.

Demasiado a menudo, los investigadores de esas disciplinas duales (cargadas de riesgos enormes en nombre de los pretendidos beneficios acarreados por sus promesas) desean dirimir "entre ellos", y con las empresas especializadas de su sector, las cuestiones éticas y de seguridad. Al hilo directo de la famosa Conferencia de Asilomar de 1975 sobre las tecnologías, se desarrollaron en mayo de 2006 la conferencia "Synthetic Biology 2.0" en Berkeley y, más recientemente, en abril de 2010, una conferencia Asilomar 2 sobre geoingeniería. En todos los caos, se invitó a filósofos a hablar de ·reglas éticas, para dar ficticiamente a entender el carácter "responsable" de los actores y su capacidad para … definir mejor que nadie, y a espaldas de la opinión pública –entre "socios" en idénticas relaciones de dinero y de poder—, las reglas de autorregulación que se quieren autoimponer.

De aquí que numerosas asociaciones de la sociedad civil, secundando a la muy influyente asociación ETC Group, o, en Francia, a la Fondation Sciences Citoyennes, dessen organizar un conjunto de debates de alcance mundial para evitar que se abra la caja de Pandora. El Fórum Mundial Ciencias & Democracia, cuya segunda edición se desarrollará en Dakar en febrero de 2011, debería abordar estas cuestiones esenciales. Pues las tecnologías en cuestión constituyen una espada de Damocles excesivamente afilada. Ya en octubre de 2004, un editorial de la revista científica Nature observaba: "Si los biólogos están a pique de sintetizar nuevas formas de vida, el alcance de los desastres que podrían provocarse o voluntariamente o por negligencia es potencialmente inmenso".

NOTAS: [1] « Creation of a Bacterial Cell Controlled by a Chemically Synthesized Genome », Science, 20 mayo 2010. [2] Véase : Mateo Cueva, « Bits, atomes, neurones et gènes font BANG », Le Monde diplomatique, octubre 2009. [3] Véase: Mona Chollet, « Le ciel nous préserve des optimistes », y Philippe Rivière, « Nous serons tous immortels... en 2100 », Le Monde diplomatique, respectivamente, septiembre y diciembre 2009.

Hervé Le Crosnier es profesor de informática en la Universidad de Caen.


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21 May 2010: Creation of ‘Synthetic Cell’ Holds Promise for New Types of Biofuels

J. Craig Venter, the genome pioneer, has created a “synthetic cell” by synthesizing a complete bacterial genome and using it to take over a cell. Venter’s breakthrough, reported in the online edition of Science, represents a preliminary step toward the goal of creating microbes from scratch in the lab and using them to make biofuels, vaccines, and other products. Venter’s achievement could one day lead to a technology where, though engineering the genome, individual cells could be turned into their own miniature refineries for harvesting carbon dioxide and generating hydrocarbons. In 2005, Venter — one of the first people to sequence the human genome, doing it faster and cheaper than government scientists — set up a company, Synthetic Genomics, to create synthetic cells, and the advance reported in Science represents a milestone for the company and for so-called synthetic biology. Synthetic Genomics has a contract with Exxon to generate biofuels from algae. Although some experts hailed Venter’s breakthrough, others said his approach is unpromising because it will take years to design new organisms to produce biofuels, while progress toward making biofuels is already being achieved with conventional genetic engineering approaches.

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domingo, mayo 23, 2010

Biología sintética: Sintia está viva … ¡y reproduciéndose! ¿Panacea o caja de Pandora?

Mientras Craig Venter anuncia que logró hacer vida en su laboratorio, el Grupo ETC llama a una moratoria global sobre la biología sintética

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viernes, mayo 21, 2010

Synthia is Alive … and Breeding: Panacea or Pandora's Box?

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ETC Group
News Release
20 May 2010
www.etcgroup.org

As Craig Venter announces lab-made life, ETC Group calls for Global Moratorium on Synthetic Biology.

In a paper published today in the journal Science, the J. Craig Venter Institute and Synthetic Genomics Inc announced the laboratory creation of the world's first self-reproducing organism whose entire genome was built from scratch by a machine.(1) The construction of this synthetic organism, anticipated and dubbed "Synthia" by the ETC Group three years ago, will stir a firestorm of controversy over the ethics of building artificial life and the implications of the largely unknown field of synthetic biology.

Panacea, or…? According to today’s publication, "Synthia" could be a boon to second-generation agrofuels making it – theoretically – possible to feed people and cars simultaneously. The article further suggests that Synthia, or synthetic biology, could help clean up the environment, save us from climate change, and address the food crisis. "Synthia is not a one-stop-shop for all our societal woes," disputes Pat Mooney, Executive Director of ETC Group, an international technology watchdog based in Canada. “It is much more likely to cause a whole new set of problems governments and society are ill-prepared to address."

…Pandora's Box? "This is the quintessential Pandora’s box moment - like the splitting of the atom or the cloning of Dolly the sheep. We will all have to deal with the fall-out from this alarming experiment," comments Jim Thomas of the ETC Group. "Synthetic biology is a high-risk profit-driven field, building organisms out of parts that are still poorly understood.(2) We know that lab-created life-forms can escape, become biological weapons, and that their use threatens existing natural biodiversity. Most worrying of all, Craig Venter is handing this powerful technology to the world’s most irresponsible and environmentally damaging industry by partnering with the likes of BP and Exxon to hasten the commercialization of synthetic life-forms."(3)

Synthetic biology refers to the construction of novel life-forms using synthetic DNA made from off-the-shelf chemicals - a form of "extreme genetic engineering". The team behind today’s announcement, led by controversial scientist and entrepreneur Craig Venter, is associated with a private company, Synthetic Genomics Inc, bankrolled by the US government and energy behemoths BP and Exxon. Synthetic Genomics recently announced a $600 million research and investment deal with Exxon Mobil in addition to a 2007 investment from BP for an undisclosed amount. Venter, who led the private sector part of the human genome project ten years ago, has already applied for patents related to Synthia's technology.(4)

Although high-profile backers of synthetic biology now occupy key positions in the US Obama administration(5) there still remains no proper national or international oversight of new high-risk, technologies that carry vast implications for humanity and the natural world. In 2006, ETC Group joined with other organizations to demand the formal, open and inclusive oversight of synthetic biology(6) and have since called for a global halt on research pending the development of global regulations. ETC Group has reiterated that call at a scientific meeting of the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity in Nairobi attended by more than 100 governments.(7)

Pandemonium? The lack of global rules governing the field also concerns many governments, illustrated by the biodiversity talks in Nairobi. Mundita Lim of the Philippines delegation to the CBD expressed her country’s concerns "about the serious potential impacts of synthetic biology on biodiversity... we believe that there should be no field release of synthetic life, cell or genome into the environment until thorough scientific assessments have been conducted in a transparent, open and participatory process involving all Parties, indigenous and local communities that will all be potentially affected by these synthetic life forms with unknown consequences on biodiversity, the environment and livelihoods." Today’s announcement will give new urgency to the debate on synthetic biology and provide a dramatic example of the need for rigorous oversight over new technologies before their environmental or commercial release is permitted.

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1) Science, 20 May 2010, "Creation of a Bacterial Cell Controlled by a Chemically Synthesized Genome," by D. Gibson; J.I. Glass; C. Lartigue; V.N. Noskov; R.-Y. Chuang; M.A. Algire; M.G. Montague; L. Ma; M.M. Moodie; C. Merryman; S. Vashee; R. Krishnakumar; N. Assad-Garcia; C. Andrews-Pfannkoch; E.A. Denisova; L. Young; Z.-Q. Qi; T.H. Segall-Shapiro; C.H. Calvey; P.P. Parmar; J.C. Venter at J. Craig Venter Institute in Rockville, MD; G.A. Benders; C.A. Hutchinson III; H.O. Smith; J.C. Venter at J. Craig Venter Institute in San Diego, CA. The paper acknowledges 'generous funding' from Synthetic Genomics Inc for this work, that three of the leaders of the scientific team hold executive positions at Synthetic Genomics Inc and that the J Craig Venter Institute itself holds stock in Synthetic Genomics Inc.

2) For a graphic overview of the investors behind Synthetic Genomics, Inc, see ETC Group's 2007 Poster "The Men & Money Behind Synthia." available here: http://www.etcgroup.org/en/node/4797

3) Some details of Synthetic Genomics deal with BP are available at http://www.syntheticgenomics.com/media/bpfaq.html and reporting of their deal with Exxon Mobil is available at http://nyti.ms/sf5A6

4) ETC Group News Release, 7 June 2007, "Patenting Pandora’s Bug, Goodbye, Dolly...Hello, Synthia! J. Craig Venter Institute Seeks Monopoly Patents on the World's First-Ever Human-Made Life Form" online at http://www.etcgroup.org/en/node/631

5) US Energy secretary Steven Chu was feted by press as "The Secretary of Synthetic Biology" when he was named to office last year (see http://bit.ly/9pMDp8), reflecting his previous role as head of Lawrence Berkeley National Lab where he oversaw a $600 million dollar investment by BP in the university’s synthetic biology labs. On the other side of that deal was BP chief scientist Steve Koonin, now Undersecretary for Science in the DOE. Koonin reportedly spearheaded BP's investment in Synthetic Genomics Inc.

6) Open Letter on Synthetic Biology from Civil Society, May 2006: http://www.etcgroup.org/en/materials/publications.html?pub_id=11

7) ETC Group currently has three staff members in Nairobi at the meeting of the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (SBSTTA 14). The topic of synthetic biology is under discussion at SBSTTA 14 under an item concerning the biodiversity risks of next generation biofuels.

Notes to Editors:

ETC Group is an international civil society organization based in Ottawa, Canada. We conduct research, education and advocacy on issues related to the social and economic impacts of new technologies on marginalized peoples – especially in the global South. We look at issues from a human rights perspective but also address global governance and corporate concentration. All ETC Group publications are available free of charge on our website: www.etcgroup.org

ETC Group has been monitoring developments in synthetic biology for the past five years and has pioneered civil society activism around the field. In 2006 we joined dozens of other civil society organisations to protest plans for voluntary governance of synthetic biology. In 2007 we released "Extreme Genetic Engineering" the first ever critical introduction to the field (available at http://www.etcgroup.org/en/node/602). We also exposed plans by J. Craig Venter and his colleagues to patent their planned synthetic organism, which we dubbed 'Synthia'. A full archive of ETC Group's writings, comments and press releases on the topic of Synthetic Biology is available at http://www.etcgroup.org/en/issues/synthetic_biology and video, audio and graphic resources on the topic are available at http://www.etcgroup.org/en/materials/video_audio_library

ETC Group has three staff members in Nairobi at the meeting of the Scientific Body to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (SBSTTA 14). The topics currently under discussion at SBSTTA include the biodiversity risks of next generation biofuels and new and emerging threats to biodiversity.


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